math — Mathematical Functions

import math

Constants

import math

math.pi       # 3.141592653589793
math.e        # 2.718281828459045
math.tau      # 6.283185307179586 (2π)
math.inf      # Infinity
math.nan      # Not a Number

Basic Functions

math.ceil(4.2)     # 5 (round up)
math.floor(4.7)    # 4 (round down)
math.trunc(4.7)    # 4 (truncate towards zero)
math.fabs(-5.5)    # 5.5 (absolute value as float)
math.factorial(5)  # 120
math.gcd(12, 8)    # 4 (greatest common divisor)
math.lcm(12, 8)    # 24 (least common multiple, 3.9+)

Power and Logarithms

math.sqrt(16)      # 4.0
math.pow(2, 10)    # 1024.0
math.exp(1)        # 2.718... (e^1)
math.log(100)      # 4.605... (natural log)
math.log10(100)    # 2.0
math.log2(1024)    # 10.0
math.log(8, 2)     # 3.0 (log base 2 of 8)

Trigonometry

math.sin(math.pi / 2)    # 1.0
math.cos(0)               # 1.0
math.tan(math.pi / 4)    # ~1.0
math.degrees(math.pi)    # 180.0
math.radians(180)         # 3.14159...
math.atan2(1, 1)          # 0.785... (π/4)
math.hypot(3, 4)          # 5.0

Rounding & Comparison

math.isclose(0.1 + 0.2, 0.3)       # True (with tolerance)
math.isclose(0.1 + 0.2, 0.3, rel_tol=1e-9)
math.isinf(float('inf'))           # True
math.isnan(float('nan'))           # True
math.isfinite(42)                  # True

math.comb(5, 2)    # 10 (combinations, 3.8+)
math.perm(5, 2)    # 20 (permutations, 3.8+)

Common Pitfalls

• Floating point precision — use math.isclose() instead of ==
• math.pow vs ** — math.pow always returns float; ** can return int
• Angles are in radians — convert with math.radians() / math.degrees()

Official Documentation

math — Mathematical functions

API Reference

Mathematical Functions

Constants